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Uncategorized Psychological Interventions Psychological Tips

How to Deal with Boredom

Boredom is a common experience that everyone faces at some time in their lives. It certainly is annoying. But it also has a profound impact on our psychological well-being and productivity. In this essay, we will look at practical solutions to deal with boredom.

I will also ask questions along the way – try to answer them!

While sometimes boredom is natural, prolonged boredom can have a harmful impact on mental health. According to research, it can lead to feelings of emptiness, worry, and even sadness. When managed properly, boredom can actually be a stimulus for creativity, problem solution, and self-reflection.

Strategies to Overcome Boredom

To build a happy and interesting existence, boredom must be addressed immediately as well as over time. Here are some evidence-based approaches:

Practice Mindfulness

Mindfulness entails being completely present in the moment and accepting your current situation without judgment. By practicing mindfulness, you may have a better understanding of your emotions and ideas. And by understanding them better, you can actually identify the source of your boredom.

Are you aware of the things around you? Can you hear the little sounds you miss every day? The traffic outside, the chatter right out the door – or within your office or bedroom. There are many things that you have missed – just by being inside your head!

Deep breathing, body scans, and focused observation are simple approaches that may turn routine jobs into intriguing experiences.

Engage in Creative Activities

Boredom may be effectively alleviated via creativity. Painting, writing, and playing music engage the brain. We thus feel a sensation of achievement and delight. Cooking and gardening are also creative activities that you can do.

Have you thought about creating something lately? A dish, a painting, a poem, prose or whatever you want to create? Isn’t it time to resume that?

Set Goals and Challenges

Boredom typically occurs when we lack direction. Setting defined, attainable objectives may increase your sense of purpose and motivation. Break down major goals into smaller chores to maintain a sense of progress and success.

When was the last time you set a goal for yourself? Or have you already set one and don’t know where to start?

Change Your Environment

Sometimes a change of location is all that is required to reenergize your thoughts. Changing your environment, whether by exiting your office, going for a stroll, or visiting a new area, can bring fresh insights and inspiration.

Have you gone out recently? Or have you been living in the same environment day in and day out?

Learn Something New

Challenging your brain with new information or abilities can also prevent boredom. Consider taking up a hobby, enrolling in an online school, or delving into a topic you’ve always been interested in.

What are the things you are interested in? Or had an interest in?

Continuous learning maintains the mind sharp and interested.

Connect with Others

Human connection is a natural cure for boredom. Contact friends, relatives, or coworkers to arrange a discussion or shared activity. Social relationships not only ease boredom, but also improve general well-being.

Are you neglecting your friends? Are you neglecting important relationships? Should you, maybe, check in with them?

Embrace Solitude

You don’t always have to run away from boredom. Sometimes, sitting with your boredom and allowing yourself to contemplate may lead to great insights and self-discovery. Journaling or meditating during these times might help you examine your ideas and feelings more fully.

Do you think you have been neglecting yourself?

If you have been, then perhaps it is time for a change!

Limit Passive Consumption

While surfing through social media or binge-watching TV shows may appear to be simple ways to relieve boredom, these activities frequently leave us feeling disappointed. Instead, choose active participation, such as reading a thought-provoking book, engaging in a virtual workshop, or doing a hands-on project.

Exercise Regularly

Physical activity is a known mood enhancer and boredom killer. Exercise causes the release of endorphins, which boosts mood and energy. Yoga, jogging, and dance may all bring a sense of purpose and success.

Have you been moving around lately? How about going out for a walk alone? Or getting that gym membership you have been thinking about recently?

Cultivate Gratitude        

Gratitude changes your focus away from what you lack and toward what you value. By keeping a thankfulness book or just focusing on the wonderful parts of your life, you may cultivate a sense of fulfillment and prevent boredom.

Is there something in your life that you are glad you have? It could be anything, a pet, a good friend, family – a good bedroom or bed.

Why not make it a point to acknowledge these things once a day, maybe?

Perhaps, it might change your mind.

When to Seek Help

Boredom that persists and interferes with your everyday functioning may indicate the presence of underlying disorders such as depression or anxiety. In such instances, receiving assistance from a mental health expert is critical. Therapy may help you recognize and treat the fundamental causes of your feelings, giving you the tools to manage them successfully.

Conclusion

Boredom, while frequently seen negatively, is a normal and important aspect of the human experience. By recognizing its psychological roots and implementing proactive techniques, you may turn boredom into an opportunity for growth, creativity, and self-improvement. Accept it as a signal to realign your life with activities and goals that are actually meaningful to you.

After all, in the words of existential psychologist Viktor Frankl, “When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves.”

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Uncategorized Social Anxiety Disorder

Sonata’s Troubles at Work

Storybook

This is a snapshot story from a storybook that contains clinical presentations of various mental disorders. The characters present maladaptive (and adaptive) psychological features that are associated with their disorders.

Sonata, a middle-aged woman, had major issues whenever it was her time to present at work. However, this presentation was important as this time it was to be given specifically to a team hired by a potential investor to get the know-how of Sonata’s firm.

Sonata was a hardworking woman. She was always a little wary of social gatherings, avoiding them as much as possible. However, for much of her life she had still tried to do her best to manage this condition.

Often when presenting or even standing in large groups of friends or family, Sonata had a feeling that others were judging the way she looked, talked and behaved. This feeling made her loath the times she had to speak out at work. Nevertheless, she had tried to adapt. She was getting better until the CEO of the company commented on her meekness while she was presenting to a foreign client.

Her reaction, which was of puzzlement and fear became somewhat of a hidden joke at work. Sonata didn’t find it funny. In fact, for much of the past year since this event, she had shirked away from most social events at work. Even when giving a monthly report she mostly tried to run through the slide, terrified that someone would make a comment.

Sonata also did not like how her face would turn red before she was to speak out. She could feel her heart racing and her head getting hot and she did not like to think what others could make of it.

That is why she mostly remained to herself. That is not to say that she did not have friends at work. She did talk regularly to two other coworkers. But presenting in front of an audience was simply too much.

However, this time, there was no escape. The clients were too important. Plus, Sonata was actually proud of the work she had done in the last couple of months. But she had not slept the entire night before the presentation day. She felt tired, nervous and very low.

Just before she was about to leave for work in the morning, Sonata tried priming herself in her car. She tried to justify the presentation, tried to minimize her anxiety by relaxing, repeating encouragement to herself.

It worked a little, and she drove herself to work.

However, seeing the spacious hall, the special arrangements, and the investors seated along with 100 other people, Sonata began feeling faint.

She went to the podium, feeling light-headed. She tried to start speaking, but she felt herself choking. Suddenly, she was even more aware of how hot her face felt. There appeared to be a thousand eyes staring at Sonata.

She hurriedly went through the slides, read them out aloud and walked off the stage.

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Uncategorized Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis: Understanding Doomscrolling Through Trait Theory

The internet and our digital devices continue to expand their functions. One product of this expansion is the concept of ‘doomscrolling.’ In early 2020, the word “doomscrolling” was used to describe a trend on digital media that became more popular during the COVID-19 pandemic and social withdrawal (Barabak, 2020).

According to Slaughter (2020), doomscrolling is a maladaptive way of using media. It involves people constantly scrolling through their social media newsfeeds. Simultaneously, they look at upsetting, sad, or otherwise negative content.

This piece will try to look at doomscrolling from a psychological point of view.

To do this, we must first figure out from study what kinds of things are linked to doomscrolling and other related habits, especially personality traits.

I will try to build upon this psychological meta-complex to explain doomscrolling.

To understand the personality of a doomscroller, it is important to review the literature of personality and addictive habits. Since, doomscrolling is a repetitive habit, comparing it to other habits and how traits correlate to it, is very important.

In case the literature review is hard to follow, skip over to the “Summarizing” or “Psychodynamics” section, a few scrolls down!

Personality Traits in Addiction

Alcohol use problems are linked to neuroticism in a positive way and to agreeableness and conscientiousness in a negative way (Martin & Sher, 1994).

Another study found that people with any kind of substance use disorder scored lower on extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness compared to people with other mental disorders (Trull & Sher, 1994). People with substance use disorders also scored higher on neuroticism and openness.

When it comes to social networking addiction, Wilson, Fornasier, and White (2010) found that excessive social networking use was linked to extraversion and negatively linked to conscientiousness.

Another study, however, on Facebook addiction found that it was linked to neuroticism and extraversion more than to conscientiousness (Andreassen, et al., 2012). According to some studies, video game addiction is linked to higher levels of neuroticism (Charlton & Danforth, 2010) and Extroversion (Huh & Bowman, 2008). It is also linked to lower levels of extraversion, agreeableness, and Conscientiousness (Peters & Malesky, 2008).

Personality Traits in Doomscrolling

A study that tried to figure out what psychological traits are needed to engage in doomscrolling had important findings.

Satici and colleagues (2023) found that doomscrolling was linked to less conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness. Age and socioeconomic level were also linked to worse doomscrolling. On the other hand, neuroticism was linked to doomscrolling in a good way.

In the same way, being careful, polite, open to new experiences, and emotionally stable were all bad indicators of internet and social media obsession. But low results on extraversion were a sign of internet addiction but not social media addiction.

However, an interesting finding of another study was the negative association of independent self-construal with social media addiction (Hawi & Samaha, 2019). People with higher independent self-construal perceive themselves as separate from others. They are more characterized by individualism with a weaker sense of connectedness with others (friends, family, colleagues, society, etc.) and a weaker sense of belonging to groups and their roles in these groups.

Hence, individuals who have a higher sense of integration with society are less likely to use social media excessively.

The studies that are listed above clearly indicate that there is a major correlation of personality traits, especially neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness.

Generally speaking, individuals who are high in neuroticism and low in conscientiousness and agreeableness are more likely to be involved in addiction. Conversely, a person’s degree of extraversion relates to the situation or substance or object that person is addicted to.

To be even more particular, internet addiction was associated with lower levels of extraversion. Moreover, in Huh & Bowman’s (2008) paper, they have distinctly mentioned that extroverts will engage in internet and video-game related behaviors, but more in an environment where they are interacting with other people.

Setting the Scenario

Based on the personality profile above, one could infer that doomscrolling would first of all require a device and for the individual to be able to spare time.

Once they turn the social media app on, they will scan their newsfeed. This could be done both passively and actively. If they actively scroll down their newsfeed, they are most probably in a state of vigilance. Vigilance is a major factor of anxiety and, hence, neuroticism.

However, it could also be the case that the individual might not have time to spare. Regardless, they engage in doomscrolling, in some ways moving their attention away from more important things. One could understand the influence of non-conscientiousness. They might have work pending, but their ambitiousness or sense of attaining genuine achievement is significantly impaired.

Sympathetic Response and Hypervigilance

The individual scrolls through their newsfeed and pays some attention to certain news, while paying more attention to other content. He/she is selective in what they view, which could be understood according to their interests. If the individual is introverted, there is a high possibility that the content they attend to is less ‘energetic’ and less interactive.

However, they would tend to focus more on content which has negative underpinnings.

For example, the individual might read or watch news about catastrophes or content related to their worries. When they view this content, if they are moderately suggestible, they would then look at other content related to that. This sifting through content would in some ways activate a minor sympathetic response.

Even though this sympathetic response could further increase their anxiety, it would also cause them to be more hypervigilant. This would enable them to search for more evidence that could confirm or negate their beliefs.

As a consequence, doomscrolling will become more elongated.

A Dangerous Cycle Emerges

The individual might end up scrolling through the newsfeed or searching for disturbing content for one hour.

Simultaneously, they will also be paying much less attention to other information. These bits of information could be related to work, social situations and other functions of their life.

Slowly, doomscrolling would take up more time. Moreover, this drive to increase information intake would motivate them to continue their behavior. The individual’s levels of dissatisfaction with life could increase which leads them to perceiving doomscrolling as a respite from the other anxieties of life.

Conclusion

Doomscrolling is a maladaptive behavior that is generally shaped by multiple psychological factors. These include personality, life experiences and habits – both prior and current. With the current levels of social media usage, this behavior can only be expected to grow further.

However, to what extent do we allow this to grow?

This question is for the moral theorists to decide.

References

  • Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological reports110(2), 501-517.
  • Barabak, M. Z. (2020). Quarantini. Doomscrolling.” Here’s how the coronavirus is changing the way we talk. Los Angeles Times.
  • Charlton, J. P., & Danforth, I. D. (2010). Validating the distinction between computer addiction and engagement: Online game playing and personality. Behaviour & Information Technology29(6), 601-613.
  • Hawi, N., & Samaha, M. (2019). Identifying commonalities and differences in personality characteristics of Internet and social media addiction profiles: traits, self-esteem, and self-construal. Behaviour & Information Technology38(2), 110-119.
  • Huh, S., & Bowman, N. D. (2008). Perception of and addiction to online games as a function of personality traits. Journal of Media Psychology13(2), 1-31.
  • Martin, E. D., & Sher, K. J. (1994). Family history of alcoholism, alcohol use disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Studies on Alcohol55(1), 81-90.
  • Peters, C. S., & Malesky Jr, L. A. (2008). Problematic usage among highly-engaged players of massively multiplayer online role playing games. Cyberpsychology & behavior11(4), 481-484.
  • Satici, S. A., Gocet Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, B. (2023). Doomscrolling scale: its association with personality traits, psychological distress, social media use, and wellbeing. Applied Research in Quality of Life18(2), 833-847.
  • Slaughter, G. (2020). How to know if you’re “doomscrolling” and why you should stop. CTV News.
  • Trull, T. J., & Sher, K. J. (1994). Relationship between the five-factor model of personality and Axis I disorders in a nonclinical sample. Journal of abnormal psychology103(2), 350.
  • Wilson, K., Fornasier, S., & White, K. M. (2010). Psychological predictors of young adults’ use of social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking13(2), 173-177.
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Introduction to IQ

By Najwa Bashir

Being intelligent is defined as having the ability to think, learn well, understand complex ideas, and adapt to one’s surroundings. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider intelligence to be a general ability that influences performance on a range of cognitive tasks.

The intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a measure of a person’s intelligence in proportion to peers of a similar age.

IQ is one of the most heritable psychological traits, and the results of a modern IQ test can be used to predict a variety of life outcomes, such as longevity, good health, and even happiness, as well as success in the job and in school (Gottfredson, 1998 as cited in Matzel& Sauce, 2017).

Animals differ greatly from one another in this ability, yet many species share a “general cognitive ability” that affects how well they perform on a wide range of cognitive activities (Matzel& Sauce, 2017). Humans and even animals are categorized as smart or dumb on the basis of their IQ scores.

But where did IQ originate from and how to measure it?

William Stern, a German psychologist, came up with the word “IQ,” which stands for Intelligenz-Quotient. A person’s IQ was determined by taking one of many standardized tests that are given by psychologists in order to gauge their level of intellect. Initially, scientists doubted that it was possible to evaluate human intellect with any degree of accuracy.

The first IQ test was developed very recently, despite the fact that intelligence has always needed to be measured.

In 1904, French government officials hired psychologist Alfred Binet to help them identify and support these kids by helping them identify which students were most likely to have difficulties in the classroom. Education through primary school was required in France. Binet asked a colleague, Theodore Simon, to help him create an exam with questions on life skills like problem solving, attention to detail, and recall that the children were not taught in school.

The now-classic idea of mental age originated from the observation that some youngsters could respond to questions that were beyond the level of their age group. Binet and Simon developed the Binet-Simon Scale, the original standardized IQ test. The Binet-Simon scale was adapted by Stanford University psychologist Lewis Terman in 1916 for use with the broader American population.

The modified Binet-Simon Scale gained popularity fast and was recognized as the official intelligence exam in the United States for several years after being dubbed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. On the so-called Stanford-Binet, an individual’s test score is represented by a single number known as their “intelligence quotient,” or “IQ” (Hally, 2015).

Formula

William Stern is most known for creating the IQ formula, according to most psychologists, even those who study human intellect (Kovacs &Pléh, 2023).Stern’s concept of the intelligence quotient (IQ) modified Binet’s calculation of the ratio between the gap between mental age (Intelligenzalter) and chronological age.

Since IQ is “independent of the absolute magnitude of chronological age,” the resulting quotient, rather than the original difference score, proved to be a more trustworthy indicator of growth when compared to peers.

Stern so states that the formula is mental quotient ~ mental age ÷ chronological age. For children who are just beginning to function at their normal level, the value is 1, for advanced children, it is greater than unity, and for mentally retarded children, it is a proper fraction (Stern 1914, p. 42 as cited in Kovacs & Pléh, 2023).

In other instances, the term “intellectual quotient” (IQ) is described as the ratio of mental age (MA) to chronological age (CA) multiplied by 100. With respect to this formula, in order for IQ to stay constant, MA and CA need to increase with time (Goddard, 2012).

IQ = MA/CA × 100

Those individuals who have IQ scores less than 70 are usually diagnosed with intellectual disability

Other ways of measuring IQ include standardized tests such as Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wide Range Achievement Test, and National Adult Reading Test (Subramaniapillai et al., 2021) in addition to previously mentioned Binet-Simon Scale.

Depending on the test used, an individual’s IQ can be assessed by looking at their reading comprehension, abstract reasoning, spelling, arithmetic problem solving, and/or pronunciation of a set of words varying in complexity (Subramaniapillai et al., 2021).

For example, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III) (The Psychological Corporation, 1997; Wechsler, 1997 as cited in Ganuthula& Sinha, 2019), the most commonly used IQ test, assesses a person’s performance on four intellectual abilities: working memory, verbal comprehension, processing speed, and perceptual organization (Wechsler, 1997 as cited in Ganuthula& Sinha, 2019).

Each of the four mental skills is covered by a set of thirteen different activities. Each of these activities has a certain amount of items that go towards the final score (Ganuthula& Sinha, 2019).

The Wide-Range Achievement Test (WRAT) was developed in the 1930s by psychologist Joseph Jastak and was first made operational in 1946. WRAT 4, the most recent edition, is intended for use with people between the ages of 5 and 94. The WRAT 4 consists of four subtests: arithmetic calculation, phrase comprehension, spelling, and word reading. The reading and sentence comprehension exams must be given individually, while the spelling and arithmetic calculation exams can be given individually or in small groups (Robertson, 2010).

The second edition of the National Adult Reading Test (NART) measures premorbid intellectual performance. For adults aged 20 to 70, the most recent version (1991) underwent a re-standardization. The NART is an untimed test made up of fifty words spoken phonemically differently. Students are expected to read aloud each word as it is delivered one at a time. (Venegas & Clark, 2011).

It is currently claimed that tests of intelligence evaluate a variety of cognitive skills as opposed to the more ethereal notion of intelligence. Tests of intelligence are believed to gauge a person’s aptitude for particular tasks. The argument over whether intelligence tests are helpful in general and whether they measure IQ in particular is still ongoing, despite the suggestion that they do so since they are standardized, valid, and trustworthy (Kaufman, 1994 as cited in Goddard, 2012).

However, it is crucial to remember that IQ levels are fluid and subject to change throughout time. While some experts contend that a person’s intellect remains mostly constant throughout their lives, others counter that IQ levels may be raised by taking into account variables like education, upbringing, and life events.

Empirical evidence have shown that numerous environmental variables, including a child’s residency, physical activity, family income, parents’ work, and education, have a significant impact on the child’s IQ (Makharia et al., 2016).

IQ has been extensively studied with academic performance. Studies have shown that IQ and academic performance can be impacted by a number of variables, including family size, school type, diet, education, socioeconomic position, age, and gender (Ejekwu et al., 2012; Jaeger, 2008 as cited in Akubuilo et al., 2020).

Large family sizes, public school attendance, and poor socioeconomic status all have a negative impact on IQ and academic achievement. Therefore, in order to increase intelligence and academic performance, environmental interventions are required to reduce large family sizes (i.e., more than four children) and enhance the socioeconomic position of families (Akubuilo et al., 2020).

In a nutshell, IQ is a metric for intellectual capacity that is based on standardized examinations intended to evaluate cognitive ability and is subject to a variety of factors. While IQ tests can be a useful tool for determining an individual’s strengths and limitations in terms of cognition, it is crucial to keep in mind that intelligence is a complicated concept with many facets that cannot be adequately represented by a single score.

References

  • Akubuilo, U. C., Iloh, K. K., Onu, J. U., Ayuk, A. C., Ubesie, A. C., &Ikefuna, A. N. (2020). Academic performance and intelligence quotient of primary school children in Enugu. Pan African Medical Journal36(1). https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.36.129.22901
  • Ganuthula, V. R. R., & Sinha, S. (2019). The looking glass for intelligence quotient tests: the interplay of motivation, cognitive functioning, and affect. Frontiers in psychology10, 459731.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02857
  • Goddard, N. (2012). Psychology. Core Psychiatry, 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-3397-1.00005-7 
  • Hally, T. J. (2015). A Brief History of IQ Tests. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275354727_A_Brief_History_of_IQ_Test
  • Kovacs, K., &Pléh, C. (2023). William Stern: The Relevance of His Program of ‘Differential Psychology’for Contemporary Intelligence Measurement and Research. Journal of Intelligence11(3), 41.https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030041
  • Makharia, A., Nagarajan, A., Mishra, A., Peddisetty, S., Chahal, D., & Singh, Y. (2016). Effect of environmental factors on intelligence quotient of children. Industrial psychiatry journal25(2), 189-194. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_52_16
  • Matzel, L. D., & Sauce, B. (2017). IQ. In Springer eBooks (pp. 1–9). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1080-1
  • Robertson, G. J. (2010). Wide‐range achievement test. The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology, 1-2.https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy1038
  • Subramaniapillai, S., Almey, A., Rajah, M. N., & Einstein, G. (2021). Sex and gender differences in cognitive and brain reserve: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease in women. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology60, 100879.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100879
  • Venegas, J., & Clark, E. (2011). National Adult Reading Test. In Springer eBooks (p. 1705). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1467
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Why Terrorists Target Journalists

By Abdullah Qureshi

Recently, it was reported in Khyber District, KPK, that a notable journalist, Mr. Khalil Jibran, was gunned down by armed men. This is not the first time that a journalist was attacked by extremists. In fact, journalists are routinely attacked across the world by various institutions. These institutions are not just unofficial terrorist organizations. Many of them are actual official, governmental bodies. However, to stay relevant to the incident at hand, terrorists targeting journalists is fairly common but paradoxical

Symbiosis

One common thing that both terrorism and journalism usually aim for is publicity for their cause. Journalism is a method of disseminating information to the masses. However, on the other hand, this information could portray extremists in bad frames. So, in essence, terrorism requires journalism to increase its influence. However, journalism has the power to reduce this influence as well.

This paradox is apparent in the relationship between terrorism and journalism. Nevertheless, there is symbiosis in this relationship as both professions can work together. This is usually observed in propaganda.

I would like to quote Peter C. Kratcoski here.

“If one of the elements of terrorism is the wish to obtain publicity for a cause and create propaganda, the media has obviously overreacted in responding to this desire”

Kratcoski (2001)

However, there are scholars who contest this claim. I would argue that this association is simply a product of the key features of terrorism and journalism.

So, if journalists and terrorists could theoretically live happily forever, why are journalists still targeted?

Professional Differences

Journalists are seldom completely independent. They have their biases and beliefs. Terrorists on the other hand, especially in the case of targeted killings, operate within the confines of a particular cause. Usually, this cause has religio-socio-political or environmental underpinnings. The organizations are usually very devoted to the cause. Thus, if they are represented badly, this often results in deadly reactions, as supported by some research (Lopez, 2016).

This point goes against the symbiosis hypothesis stated earlier. It exhibits the power that mass communication has on a population’s knowledge. This ironically poses a direct threat to the extremist whose cause is not supported by journalists.

Let us take a look at some more superficial reasons why terrorists kill journalists.

Publicity

Bad publicity is still publicity. It has many positives to offer. I do not argue that these positives are good in a moral sense. Rather, killing journalists is in itself an indication of some degree of influence. After all, newspapers are going to write about it. This would make the terrorist group appear even more threatening. Thus, if a terrorist organization enjoys the luxury of political influence, it gets away with murder.

One utility of social media is that information could be broadcasted at a very cheap cost. This is one of the reasons why many terrorist organizations are active on social media, whether it be the Islamic State, or the Taliban. So, killing a journalist is in itself a surety for publicity. When digital platforms, much like the one you are on, discuss the news of such a professional killing, people are bound to tune in.

Terror Terror!

Killing journalists produces an atmosphere where terrorism thrives in. If we take the case of Mr. Jibraan, he was a moderately influential figure. He had been the president of a press club for multiple years. So, having the resources to kill such a person generalizes the fear of people in the vicinity. If such an influential person can be shot to death, one could ask, “Who is safe?”

The immediate response of the authorities is often to increase vigilance. Such was the case in the aftermath of Mr. Jibraan’s death. The local police and administrative authorities launched a prompt campaign. This works against the motives of the terrorists. In fact, a strict response to such a killing could pose a major problem for terrorists.

However, one of the benefits of promoting terror is that the targeted community could fall into psychosocial disarray.

Psychological Terror

Terror has deep psychological consequences. Paranoia is one consequence which is particularly damaging. A community which has been struck by a terrorist attack could become suspicious of the people around them. They could become suspicious of the authorities.

This was observed in the recent Khyber incident. While there could be genuine qualms of poor governance in the area, undue suspicion could also be observed. It is reported that people blamed the terror attack on local authorities. It was also reported that many were deeply unsatisfied with the investigation into this killing.

Catastrophization is another psychological error that is relevant. While there are certainly grounds for fearing such an attack, people of the area might overblow the actual situation. For example, Mr. Jibraan’s demise cannot be considered a result of inflation. However, catastrophizing individuals might consider the general suffering of being underprivileged to be part of the terror attack.

Thus, many cognitive biases might prevail in such an environment. These biases have the potential to further polarize the community (Warner, 2013). Consequently, the effects of terror allow terrorists to carry out there activities more autonomously. If we factor in inefficiencies of the local authorities, such nefarious organizations would further deepen these psychological errors.

Conclusion

Terrorism and journalism share many common features. The most common feature, however, is publicity. But where ‘reporting’ parts ways with terrorism is the independence of the journalist. If journalists become independent, they are vulnerable. If their opponents are armed and the security of the country they live in is poor, their independence could easily cost them their lives. Such appears to be the case with Mr. Khalil Jibran’s murder.

References

  • Kratcoski, P. C. (2001). Terrorist victimization: Prevention, control, and recovery. Studies in conflict and terrorism24(6), 467-473.
  • Lopez, F. (2016). If Publicity is the Oxygen of Terrorism–Why Do Terrorists Kill Journalists?. Perspectives on terrorism10(1), 65-77.
  • Warner, J. (2013). The politics of ‘catastrophization’. In Disaster, Conflict and Society in Crises (pp. 76-94). Routledge.
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Greetings Readers!

Welcome to Psychologus. The only rule here is to have an open mind. We are humans, after all.

So far.